Você sabia que os elevadores são mais seguros do que os carros?
E mais: você sabia que os elevadores de hoje podem atingir uma velocidade de até 1.000 metros por minuto?
Isso mesmo! É hora de aprender tudo sobre a história do meio de transporte mais seguro do mundo. Preparado? Arraste para baixo e boa leitura!
Como surgiram os elevadores?
Desde o início, o homem buscou o caminho para o transporte vertical de cargas e passageiros de forma mais eficiente em diferentes níveis.
Por isso, tais dispositivos para transporte de mercadorias para cima e para baixo representam os primeiros elevadores.
A história dos elevadores começou há várias centenas de anos antes de Cristo.
Curiosidade: os primeiros elevadores construídos pelo povo grego eram chamados de guinchos .
Eles eram movidos por energia humana e animal, além de mecanismos movidos a água e já estavam em uso no século III a.C. Interessante, né?
O 1º elevador do mundo
Em 1852, o inventor americano Elisha Otis mudou-se para Yonkers, em Nova York, no intuito de trabalhar para a empresa de cabeceira de cama Maize & Burns. Foi o dono desta empresa, Josiah Maize, que inspirou Otis a começar a projetar elevadores.
O motivo? Era preciso um novo dispositivo de içamento para erguer equipamentos pesados até o andar superior daquela fábrica.
Em 1853, Otis apresentou um elevador de carga equipado com um dispositivo de segurança para evitar quedas em casos de rompimento de um cabo de suporte. Isso aumentou a confiança do público nestes dispositivos.
No mesmo ano ele abriu uma empresa de fabricação de elevadores e patenteou um elevador a vapor.
A contribuição de Elisha Otis para os elevadores modernos
Para Josiah Maize, Otis inventou algo que chamou de “melhoria no freio do elevador do aparelho de içamento” e demonstrou sua nova invenção ao público na Exposição do Crystal Palace, em Nova York no ano de 1854.
Durante a demonstração, Otis içou o cabo do elevador até o topo do edifício e, em seguida, cortou deliberadamente os cabos de içamento do elevador. No entanto, em vez de bater, o cabo do elevador foi parado por causa dos freios que Otis havia inventado.
Embora Otis não tenha realmente inventado o primeiro elevador, seus freios, usados em elevadores modernos, tornaram os arranha – céus uma realidade!
1857: rumo aos elevadores de passageiros!
Em 1857, a Otis Elevator Company começou a fabricar elevadores de passageiros. Um elevador de passageiros a vapor foi instalado pelo inventor em uma loja de departamentos de cinco andares (propriedade da EW Haughtwhat & Company de Manhattan).
Este foi o primeiro elevador público do mundo
Hoje, a Otis Elevator Factory é a maior fabricante mundial de sistemas de transporte vertical.
A evolução da história dos elevadores
Uma vez que os edifícios começaram a ficar cada vez mais altos, as velocidades dos elevadores aumentaram e se tornaram catalisadores para a inovação destes equipamentos.
Em 1870, o primeiro prédio de escritórios com elevadores foi construído no centro de Manhattan, marcando o início da popularização dos elevadores.
Por isso, a década de 1870 foi determinante para que os elevadores se tornassem um meio de transporte básico, em vez de uma experiência inovadora reservada para uma minoria de elite.
A modernização dos elevadores
Se você chegou até aqui, provavelmente já sabe que os elevadores começaram como sistemas movidos a vapor.
No entanto, lentamente evoluíram para energia hidráulica, uma vez que começaram a ser instalados em edifícios de escritórios onde a velocidade se tornou a prioridade.
Nessa época, o padrão da indústria de tempos de espera de 30 segundos ou menos começou e continua sendo o padrão hoje.
A segurança e a velocidade dos elevadores começaram a avançar ainda mais quando a eletricidade se tornou a principal fonte de energia dos elevadores.
Por isso, na década de 1880, os poços dos elevadores se tornaram parte integrante do projeto arquitetônico, à medida que os edifícios continuavam a crescer cada vez mais.
O desejo de elevadores subirem conforme os arranha-céus continuavam a florescer, ocasionou a mudança generalizada para elevadores elétricos.
Como resultado, o primeiro elevador elétrico foi inventado em 1880, e em 1887, portas automáticas foram desenvolvidas, tornando os elevadores mais seguros para o transporte de passageiros.
Em 1889 o primeiro elevador elétrico de sucesso foi instalado em um prédio comercial.
Os primeiros elevadores no Brasil
Foi no ano de 1873, em Salvador, que os primeiros elevadores do Brasil foram instalados.
Através de uma torre com dois elevadores hidráulicos, tornou-se capaz o transporte de até 20 pessoas entre diferentes níveis. Hoje, o Elevador Lacerda é conhecido como uma grande atração turística da cidade baiana.
Já em 1906, o Palácio das Laranjeiras, no Rio de Janeiro, ganhou o seu primeiro elevador.
Detalhe: o elevador carioca continua em seu perfeito estado, funcionando normalmente e com suas características estéticas preservadas.
Mas foi a partir do ano de 1918 que os primeiros elevadores brasileiros começaram a sua fabricação de maneira artesanal, ou seja, o comando de abertura e fechamento das portas era realizado por um ascensorista.
Curiosidades sobre a história dos elevadores
Agora que você sabe tudo sobre a história dos elevadores, que tal conferir algumas curiosidades sobre esse meio de transporte tão presente na vida de milhares de brasileiros?
1. Antes do elevador, o último andar era o pior lugar para se viver
Antes da invenção do elevador, o último andar não era glamoroso.
Na verdade, o andar mais alto era considerado insalubre e perigoso, assim como o porão.
Mas a invenção do elevador mudou tudo: de repente, os espaços mais interessantes e caros de um prédio de vários andares estavam no topo. A cobertura nasceu e a hierarquia vertical dos edifícios mudou para sempre.
2. Os primeiros edifícios a apresentar elevadores foram os hotéis
Os primeiros edifícios com elevadores de passageiros foram grandes hotéis urbanos.
O primeiro desses hotéis a ter um elevador de passageiros instalado foi o Fifth Avenue Hotel, em Nova York, inaugurado em 1859 e projetado especificamente para incorporar um elevador, que era considerado um item de luxo e impedia o hóspede de subir as escadas.
3. Um dos primeiros manuais aconselhou os usuários do elevador sobre como se vestir
“Havia uma consciência, no início do século 20, de que sair de um elevador é como entrar na sociedade e, portanto, você tinha que ter uma boa aparência”
Explica o Dr. Sean Williams, da Sheffield University.
Com uma grande variedade de manuais, os hotéis com elevadores explicavam como as pessoas deveriam se vestir e se comportar dentro do elevador, o qual os transportavam para o saguão principal.
4. O elevador do edifício mais alto do mundo atinge altura de 500 m
O edifício mais alto do mundo é o Burj Khalifa, em Dubai. O elevador que sobe até o seu 163º andar cobre uma distância de 504 metros e este é o nível mais alto que qualquer elevador pode levar uma pessoa.
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